What are the three types of vascular access sites used in hemodialysis?

The three types of vascular access sites used in hemodialysis are arteriovenous (AV) fistulas, AV grafts, and central venous catheters. AV fistulas involve creating a direct connection between an artery and a vein, which allows for high blood flow rates and is considered the most effective and preferred option for long-term dialysis. AV grafts use a synthetic tube to connect the artery and vein, providing an alternative when a patient’s vascular system is not suitable for a fistula. Central venous catheters are typically used for short-term access or in emergency situations; they are inserted into a large vein and provide immediate access for dialysis treatment.

The other options include access points or components not suitable for hemodialysis access. For example, nasal cannulas are used for oxygen administration and are unrelated to dialysis access. Similarly, arteries, veins, and capillaries refer to types of blood vessels rather than specific vascular access methods for dialysis, and dialyzers, filters, and needles are components of the dialysis process but not access sites themselves.