What are common symptoms indicating that a patient may be experiencing dialysis disequilibrium syndrome?

The correct choice reflects the common symptoms associated with dialysis disequilibrium syndrome, which occurs primarily during or shortly after dialysis sessions. This condition results from a rapid change in the patient's blood chemistry, particularly after significant shifts in fluid and electrolytes.

Headache, nausea, vomiting, and restlessness are classic signs of this syndrome. The headache and nausea arise due to changes in brain fluid balance caused by the rapid removal of urea and other solutes during dialysis. Vomiting can be a direct response to these changes, and restlessness often reflects the body's general distress and discomfort during this period of adjustment.

In contrast, fever and chills are typically associated with infections rather than dialysis disequilibrium. Shortness of breath and chest pain are more indicative of cardiovascular issues or pulmonary complications, while extreme fatigue and weakness can occur for various reasons but are not specific to dialysis disequilibrium syndrome. Understanding these symptoms helps healthcare professionals better identify and manage this potential complication effectively.